### **Anti-Hepatitis B Surface Antibodies (Anti-HBs) Test**
The **Anti-HBs (HBsAb) Titre test** is a quantitative blood assay that measures the concentration of protective antibodies against the Hepatitis B surface antigen.
* **Immunity Assessment:** It is primarily used to confirm immunity to the Hepatitis B virus (HBV), acquired either through successful vaccination or recovery from a past, resolved infection.
* **Clinical Threshold:** A titre level of **\ge 10 mIU/mL** is globally recognized as the threshold indicating active, long-term protective immunity against HBV.
* **Pre-employment & Monitoring:** This test is essential for healthcare workers, newborns of HBV-positive mothers, and immunocompromised patients to evaluate their defense status and determine the necessity of vaccine booster doses.

### **Anti-Chikungunya IgG Antibody Test**
The **Anti-Chikungunya IgG test** is a serological blood assay used to detect Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, which the immune system produces in response to the Chikungunya virus.
* **Clinical Significance:** IgG antibodies typically appear several weeks after the initial infection and can persist for months or even years, serving as a marker for past exposure or long-term immunity.
* **Diagnostic Utility:** It helps clinicians confirm previous infections, assess the prevalence of the virus in a population, and differentiate Chikungunya from other febrile illnesses like dengue or Zika.
* **Interpretation:** A positive result indicates that an individual was previously exposed to the virus, whereas a negative result suggests no past infection or that the test was performed too early.

The **Anti-Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) IgG** test is a serological blood test used to detect Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the Hepatitis E virus.

A positive or reactive IgG result indicates that an individual has been exposed to HEV in the past. Because IgG antibodies develop during the recovery phase and persist in the bloodstream for years, they signify long-term immunity or a resolved, historical infection rather than an active illness. To diagnose an ongoing, acute Hepatitis E infection, clinicians evaluate these results alongside clinical symptoms, liver enzyme panels, and HEV IgM or HEV RNA PCR tests.

Anti-Hepatitis B Core Antibody (AHBc) Total is a blood test that detects total antibodies (IgM and IgG) against the hepatitis B core antigen. It helps determine whether a person has been exposed to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) at any time in the past or present. A positive result indicates previous or ongoing HBV infection but does not distinguish between acute, chronic, or resolved infection. This test is commonly interpreted along with HBsAg and Anti-HBs to assess infection status and immunity. It is an important tool for diagnosing hepatitis B and guiding appropriate medical evaluation and management.

**Anti-Hepatitis A Virus (Anti-HAV) IgM** is a crucial diagnostic antibody produced by the body during an acute or recent infection with the Hepatitis A virus. Its presence in a patient's blood sample serves as the primary marker for diagnosing sudden-onset, active Hepatitis A.
Unlike the IgG antibody, which represents long-term immunity, IgM antibodies appear early after viral exposure—typically coinciding with the onset of symptoms like jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain. Anti-HAV IgM levels remain elevated for roughly three to six months, making this test essential for differentiating a current, active illness from past exposure.

**Anti-Hepatitis A Virus (Anti-HAV) IgG** is a specific antibody produced by the immune system in response to the Hepatitis A virus or vaccination. Its presence in a blood test signifies long-term immunity against the virus, meaning the individual is protected from future infections.
Unlike IgM antibodies, which indicate an active or recent acute infection, IgG antibodies develop later during the recovery phase or following successful immunization and persist for life. Identifying Anti-HAV IgG is clinically crucial to confirm previous exposure, verify vaccine efficacy, and determine if a person requires vaccination before traveling to endemic areas.

An **Anti-Chlamydia trachomatis IgM antibody** test detects the early immune response to *Chlamydia trachomatis*, a common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI). Because IgM is the first antibody the immune system produces during an infection, its presence in the blood typically indicates a **recent or active infection**.

While highly useful for identifying acute cases, IgM levels naturally decline as the body transitions to long-term immunity (IgG antibodies). Doctors often pair this test with other diagnostics, like PCR swab tests, to confirm active chlamydia, manage potential complications like pelvic inflammatory disease, and ensure accurate, timely treatment.

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