An **Anti-Microsomal Antibodies** test is a diagnostic blood assay primarily used to detect and manage autoimmune thyroid disorders. These antibodies target thyroid microsomal antigens, which are now recognized as the enzyme **thyroid peroxidase (TPO)**. Consequently, this test is widely known as the **Anti-TPO antibody test**.
Elevated levels of anti-microsomal antibodies are a classic hallmark of **Hashimoto’s thyroiditis** (autoimmune hypothyroidism) and are also frequently elevated in **Graves' disease** (autoimmune hyperthyroidism). Measuring these antibodies helps clinicians confirm an autoimmune origin for thyroid dysfunction, predict the progression of subclinical hypothyroidism, and evaluate postpartum thyroiditis risks.

An **Anti-Ro/SSA IgG Antibodies by EIA (Enzyme Immunoassay)** test checks your blood for specific autoantibodies that mistakenly attack the body's own proteins.
This test is primarily used to help diagnose autoimmune conditions, most notably **Sjögren’s syndrome** (causing severe dry eyes and mouth) and **Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)**.
A positive result means these antibodies are present, signaling an active autoimmune response. For pregnant individuals, identifying Ro/SSA antibodies is especially crucial, as they can cross the placenta and require careful monitoring to manage the risk of neonatal lupus or congenital heart block in the baby.

An **Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae Antibodies (ASCA IgG)** test is a blood test used to help diagnose inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and distinguish between its two main types: **Crohn’s disease** and **Ulcerative Colitis**.
The test detects IgG antibodies that target *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*, a common type of dietary yeast.
Elevated levels of ASCA IgG are strongly associated with Crohn’s disease, particularly cases involving the small intestine. When combined with other autoantibody markers, a positive ASCA IgG result provides crucial diagnostic clarity, helping clinicians assess the severity of disease progression and tailor effective treatment strategies.

An **Anti-Smith (Anti-Sm) Antibodies by EIA** test is a highly specific blood test used to diagnose **Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)**.
The test detects autoantibodies directed against Smith proteins, which are core components of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins involved in cellular RNA processing.
While Anti-Sm antibodies are only found in roughly 20% to 30% of lupus patients, they are rarely present in other conditions or healthy individuals. Consequently, a positive Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) result is heavily weighted as a definitive marker for confirming an SLE diagnosis and monitoring potential lupus-related kidney disease complications.

An **Anti-Smooth Muscle Antibody (ASMA)** test is a blood test primarily used to help diagnose **Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH)**, a chronic condition where the body’s immune system attacks its own liver cells.
The test detects autoantibodies that target actin and other components of the cellular cytoskeleton within smooth muscle tissue.
High levels or titers of ASMA are strongly associated with Type 1 Autoimmune Hepatitis. When combined with other diagnostic findings, like elevated liver enzymes, a positive ASMA result is crucial for differentiating autoimmune liver diseases from other causes of liver injury, such as viral hepatitis or fatty liver disease.